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Carl Lewis Bsp aus Wiki Wähle du eine andere Person!
Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is a retired American track and field athlete who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 gold, and 10 World Championships medals, of which 8 were gold, in a career that spanned from 1979 when he first achieved a world ranking to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and subsequently retired.
Lewis is now an actor and has appeared in a number of films.
Lewis was a dominant sprinter and long jumper who topped the world rankings in the 100 m, 200 m and long jump events frequently from 1981 to the early 1990s, was named Athlete of the Year by Track and Field News in 1982, 1983 and 1984, and set world records in the 100 m, 4 x 100 m and 4 x 200 m relays.
His world record in the indoor long jump has stood since 1984 and his 65 consecutive victories in the long jump achieved over a span of 10 years is one of the sport’s longest undefeated streaks.
His lifetime accomplishments have led to numerous accolades, including being voted "Sportsman of the Century" by the International Olympic Committee and being named "Olympian of the Century" by the American sports magazine Sports Illustrated.
He also helped transform track and field from its nominal amateur status to its current professional status, thus enabling athletes to have more lucrative and longer-lasting careers.
Frederick Carlton Lewis was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on July 1, 1961, the son of William and Evelyn Lewis.
Lewis started to compete in the long jump, and while attending Willingboro High School, he emerged as a promising athlete. As a junior, he was one of the top long jumpers in New Jersey, and by his senior year he was one of the top long jumpers in the world.
Lewis was initially coached by his father, who coached other local athletes to elite status.,
Lewis broke the high school long jump record with a leap of 8.13 m.
Lewis qualified for the American team for the 1980 Olympics in the long jump and as a member of the 4 x 100 m relay team.
On June 20, Lewis improved his personal best by almost half a meter by leaping 8.62 m at the TAC Championships while still a teenager. The jump made Lewis the number two long jumper in history, behind only Bob Beamon, and holder of the low-altitude record.
Also in 1981, Lewis became the fastest 100 m sprinter in the world. His relatively modest best from 1979 (10.67 s) improved to a world-class 10.21 the next year.
But 1981 saw him run 10.00 s at the Southwest Conference Championships in Dallas on May 16, a time that was the third-fastest in history and stood as the low-altitude record. For the first time, Lewis was ranked number one in the world, in both the 100 m and the long jump.
He won his first of six National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) titles for the University of Houston and won his first national titles in the 100 m and long jump.
Additionally, he won the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States.His loss to Larry Myricks at the TAC Indoor Championships in February would stand as his last loss in the long jump for more than a decade.
Since it was rare for an athlete to compete in and dominate both a track and a field event, comparisons were made to Jesse Owens, who dominated sprint and long jump events in the 1930s.
In 1982, Lewis continued his dominance, and for the first time, it seemed someone might challenge Bob Beamon’s world record of 8.90 m in the long jump set at the 1968 Olympics, a mark often described as one of the greatest athletic achievements ever.[15][16] Before Lewis, 28 feet [8.53 m] had been exceeded on two occasions by two people: Beamon and 1980 Olympic champion Lutz Dombrowski. During 1982, Lewis cleared 8.53 m five times outdoors, twice more indoors, going as far as 8.76 m (28 ft 9 in) at Indianapolis on July 24.[17] He also ran 10.00 s in the 100 m, the world’s fastest time, matching his low-altitude record from 1981. [ibid, p. 20] He achieved his 10.00 s clocking the same weekend he leapt 8.61 m twice, and the day he recorded his new low-altitude record 8.76 m at Indianapolis, he had three fouls with his toe barely over the board, two of which seemed to exceed Beamon’s record, the third which several observers said reached 30 ft (about 9.15 m). Some say Lewis should have been credited with setting a world record with that jump, claiming the track officials misinterpreted the rules on fouls.[18]
He repeated his number one ranking in the 100 m and long jump, and ranked number six in the 200 m. Additionally, he was named Athlete of the Year by Track and Field News. From 1981 until 1992, Lewis topped the 100 m ranking six times (seven if Ben Johnson's 1987 top ranking is ignored), and ranked no lower than third.[8] His dominance in the long jump was even greater, as he topped the rankings nine times during the same period, and ranked second in the other years.[7]
[edit] 1983 and the inaugural World Championships
For the first time, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the governing body of track and field, organized a World Championships, an event which would prove to be one of the biggest sporting events of the year worldwide. The championships boasted a then record number of participating countries for a sporting event (154), more than even the Olympics which had been plagued by politically motivated boycotts in its two previous celebrations and which would suffer another one in 1984.
At the World Championships, Lewis’ chief rival in the long jump was predicted to be the man who last beat him: Larry Myricks. But though Myricks had joined Lewis in surpassing 28 feet [8.53 m] the year before, he failed to qualify for the American team, and Lewis won at Helsinki with relative ease. His winning leap of 8.55 m defeated silver medalist Jason Grimes by 26 cm.[19]
He also won the 100 m with relative ease. There, Calvin Smith who had earlier that year set a new world record in the 100 m at altitude with a 9.93 s performance, was soundly beaten by Lewis 10.07 s to 10.21 s.[20] Smith won the 200 m title,[21] an event which Lewis had not entered, but even there he was partly in Lewis’ shadow as Lewis had set an American record in that event earlier that year. He won the 200 m June 19 at the TAC/Mobil Championships in 19.75 s, the second-fastest time in history and the low-altitude record, only 0.03 s behind Pietro Mennea’s 1979 mark. Observers here noted that Lewis probably could have broken the world record if he didn't ease off in the final metres to raise his arms in celebration.[22] Finally, Lewis ran the anchor in the 4 x 100 m relay, winning in 37.86 s, a new world record and the first in Lewis’ career.[23]
Lewis’ year-best performances in the 100 m and long jump were not at the World Championships, but at other meets. He became the first person to run a sub-10 second 100 m at low-altitude with a 9.97 s clocking at Modesto May 14.[24][25] His gold at the World Championships and his other fast times earned him the number one ranking in the world that year, despite Calvin Smith’s world record. At the TAC Championships on June 19, he set a new low-altitude record in the long jump, 8.79 m,[22] and earned the world number one ranking[26] in that event. He was ranked number two in the 200 m despite his low-altitude record of 19.75 s, as Smith had won gold at Helsinki and titles won usually outweigh marks set for the rankers at Track and Field News. Lewis was again named Athlete of the Year again by the magazine.
[edit] 1984 Olympics and the quest to equal Jesse Owens
Lewis was one of the biggest sporting celebrities in the world by the start of 1984, but owing to track and field’s relatively low profile in America, Lewis was not nearly as well known there. The 1984 Olympic games in Los Angeles would make Lewis a household name in America.
Lewis and agent Joe Douglas, founder and manager of the Santa Monica Track Club of which Lewis was a member, frequently discussed his wish to match Jesse Owens' feat of winning four gold medals at a single Olympic Games and to “cash in” afterward with the lucrative endorsement deals which surely would follow. As it turned out, his first goal would prove to be far easier accomplished than his latter goal, at least in America.
Lewis started his quest to match Owens with a convincing win in the 100 m, running 9.99 s to handily defeat his nearest competitor, fellow American Sam Graddy, by .20 s. In his next event, the long jump, Lewis won with relative ease. But his approach to winning this event stoked controversy, even as knowledgeable observers agreed his approach was the correct one.[27] Since Lewis still had heats and finals in the 200 m and the 4 x 100 m relay to compete in, he chose to take as few jumps as necessary to win the event. He risked injury in the cool conditions of the day if he over-extended himself, and his ultimate goal to win four golds might be at risk. His first jump at 8.54 m was, he knew, sufficient to win the event. He took one more jump, a foul, then passed his remaining four allotted jumps. He handily won gold, as silver medalist Gary Honey of Australia's best jump was 8.24 m. But the public was generally unaware of the intricacies of the sport and had been repeatedly told by the media of Lewis’ quest to surpass Bob Beamon’s legendary long jump record of 8.90 m. Lewis himself had often stated it was a goal of his to surpass the mark. A television ad with Beamon appeared before the final, featuring the record-holder saying, “I hope you make it, kid.”[28] So, when Lewis decided not to make any more attempts to try to break the record, he was roundly booed. When asked about those boos, Lewis said, "I was shocked at first. But after I thought about it, I realized that they were booing because they wanted to see more of Carl Lewis. I guess that's flattering."[29]
His third gold medal came in the 200 m, where he again won handily in a time of 19.80 s, a new Olympic record. And finally, he won his fourth gold when the 4 x 100 m relay team he anchored finished in a time of 37.83 s, a new world record eclipsing the record he helped set the year before at the World Championships.
[edit] Lack of endorsements and public perception
Lewis had achieved what he had set out to do. He had matched Jesse Owens’ legendary feat of winning four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics, and he had done so with relative ease. However, Lewis had also expected to win lucrative endorsement deals, but few if any were forthcoming in America. The long jump controversy was one reason. And, Lewis’ self-congratulatory conduct did not impress several other track stars. "He rubs it in too much," said Edwin Moses, twice Olympic gold medalist in the 400 m hurdles. "A little humility is in order. That's what Carl lacks."[30] Further, Lewis’ agent Joe Douglas compared him to pop star Michael Jackson, a comparison which did not go over well. Douglas said he was inaccurately quoted, but the impression that Lewis was aloof and egotistical was firmly planted in the public’s perception by the end of the 1984 Olympic Games.[31]
Additionally, rumours that Lewis was a homosexual circulated, and though Lewis denied the rumours, they probably hurt his marketability as well. Lewis’ look at the Games, with a flat-top haircut and flamboyant clothing, added fuel to the reports. "It doesn't matter what Carl Lewis's sexuality is," high jumper Dwight Stones said. "Madison Avenue perceives him as homosexual."[32] Coke had offered a lucrative deal to Lewis before the Olympics, an offer Lewis and Douglas turned down, confident he’d be worth more after the Olympics. But Coke rescinded the offer after the Games. Nike had Lewis under contract for several years already, despite questions about how it affected his amateur status, and he was appearing on Nike television ads, in print and on billboards. After the Games and faced with Lewis’ new negative image, Nike dropped him. "If you're a male athlete, I think the American public wants you to look macho," said Don Coleman, a Nike representative.[31] "They started looking for ways to get rid of me," Lewis said. "Everyone there was so scared and so cynical they didn't know what to do." Lewis himself would lay the blame on some inaccurate reporting, especially the “Carl bashing,” as he put it, typified by a Sports Illustrated article before the Olympics.[33]
At year’s end, Lewis was again awarded the top rankings in the 100 m and the long jump and was additionally ranked number one in the 200 m. And for the third year in a row, he was awarded the Athlete of the Year title by Track and Field News.
Carl Lewis was drafted in the 10th round of the 1984 NBA Draft by the Chicago Bulls (the draft where the Bulls selected Michael Jordan with the number 3 pick). He never played a game in the NBA. He was also drafted in the 12th round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys as a wide receiver. He was never signed.
[edit] Ben Johnson emerges as a challenger
After the Los Angeles Olympics, Lewis continued to dominate track and field, especially in the long jump, an event he would not lose at for seven more years, but others started to challenge his dominance in the 100 m sprint. His low-altitude record had been surpassed by fellow American Mel Lattany with a time of 9.96 s shortly before the 1984 Olympics,[34] but his biggest challenger would prove to be Canadian Ben Johnson, the bronze medalist behind Lewis at the 1984 Olympics. Johnson would beat Lewis once in 1985, but Lewis also lost to others, while winning most of his races. Lewis retained his number one rank that year, Johnson would place second.[8] In 1986, Johnson defeated Lewis convincingly at the Goodwill Games in Moscow, clocking a new low-altitude record of 9.95 s. At year’s end, Johnson was ranked number one, while Lewis slipped to number three having lost more races than he won. He even seemed vulnerable in the long jump, an event he didn’t lose in 1986, or the year before, though he competed sparingly. Lewis ended up ranked second behind Soviet Robert Emmiyan, who had the longest legal jump of the year at 8.61 m.[7]
[edit] 1987 World Championships
The 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome saw Lewis regain the form he had in 1984, though he lost the biggest race of the year to Johnson.
To focus on his strongest event, the long jump, Lewis skipped the 200 m and made sure to take all his attempts. This was not to answer critics from the 1984 long jump controversy; this was because history’s second 29 ft long-jumper was in the field. Robert Emmiyan had leaped 8.86 m (29 ft 1 in) at altitude in May, just 4 cm short of Bob Beamon’s record.[35] But Emmiyan's best was an 8.53 m leap that day, second to Lewis's 8.67 m. Lewis cleared 8.60 m four times.[36] In the 4 x 100 m relay, Lewis anchored the gold-medal team to time of 37.90 s, the third-fastest of all time.[37]
The event which was most talked about and which caused the most drama was the 100 m final. Johnson had run under 10.00 s three times that year before Rome,[38] while Lewis had not managed to get under the 10.00 s barrier at all. But Lewis looked strong in the heats of the 100 m, setting a Championship record in the semi-final while running into a wind with a 10.03 s effort. In the final, however, Johnson won with a time which stunned observers: 9.83 s, a new world record. Lewis, second with 9.93 s, had tied the existing world record, but that was insufficient.[39]
While Johnson basked in the glory of his achievement, Lewis started to explain away his defeat. He first claimed that Johnson had false-started, then he alluded to a stomach virus which had weakened him, and finally, without naming names, said “There are a lot of people coming out of nowhere. I don’t think they are doing it without drugs.” He added, “I could run 9.8 or faster in the 100 if I could jump into drugs right away.”[40] This was the start of Lewis’ calling on the sport of track and field to be cleaned up in terms of the illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. Cynics noted that the problem had been in the sport for many years, and it only become a cause for Lewis once he was actually defeated. In response to the accusations, Johnson replied "When Carl Lewis was winning everything, I never said a word against him. And when the next guy comes along and beats me, I won’t complain about that either".[41]
[edit] The 1988 Olympics
Lewis not only lost the most publicized showdown in track and field in 1987, he also lost his father. When William McKinley Lewis Jr. died, Lewis placed the gold medal he won for the 100 m in 1984 in his hand to be buried with him. "Don't worry,” he told his mother. “I'll get another one.”[42] Lewis repeatedly referred to his father as a motivating factor for the 1988 season. “A lot happened to me last year, especially the death of my father. That caused me to re-educate myself to being the very best I possibly can be this season,” he said, after defeating Johnson in Zürich August 17.[43]
The defeat of Johnson shortly before the Olympics was part of a year-long grudge match between the two athletes. The Johnson camp had angrily defended their star against Lewis's drug accusations,[40] but they also scrambled to prepare Johnson after he suffered a hamstring injury during the indoor season. When Lewis defeated Johnson in their first meeting since Rome’s World Championships, the drama for the Olympics only heightened. Lewis had run 9.93 s, the same time he ran when finishing second to Johnson the previous year. Johnson ran 10.00 s, indicating he was recovering from his injury, but not answering the question whether he’d be ready for the Olympic final a bit more than a month away.
Lewis (1102) finishing behind Ben Johnson in the final.
The 100 m final at the 1988 Olympics was one of the most-hyped sports stories of the year; its dramatic outcome would rank as one of the most infamous sports stories of the century.[44] Johnson won in 9.79 s, a new world record, while Lewis set a new American record with 9.92 s. Three days later, Johnson tested positive for steroids, his medal was taken away and Lewis was awarded gold and credited with a new Olympic record.[45]
In the long jump, Robert Emmiyan withdrew from the competition citing an injury, and Lewis’ main challengers were rising American long jump star Mike Powell and long-time rival Larry Myricks. Lewis leapt 8.72 m, a low-altitude Olympic best, and none of his competitors could match it. The Americans swept the medals in the event for the first time in 84 years. [ibid, p. 41] In the 200 m, Lewis dipped under his Olympic record from 1984, running 19.79 s, but did so in second place to Joe DeLoach, who claimed the new record and Olympic gold in 19.75 s. [ibid, p. 13] In the final event he entered, the 4 x 100 m relay, Lewis never made it to the track as the Americans fumbled an exchange in a heat and were disqualified. [ibid, p. 32]
A subsequent honour would follow: Lewis eventually was credited with the 100 m world record for the 9.92 s he ran in Seoul. Though Ben Johnson's 9.79 s time was never ratified as a world record, the 9.83 s he ran the year before was. However, in the fallout to the steroid scandal, an inquiry was called in Canada wherein Johnson admitted under oath to long-time steroid use. The IAAF subsequently stripped Johnson of his record and gold medal from the World Championships, and Lewis was deemed to be the world record holder for his 1988 Olympic performance. The IAAF also declared that Lewis had also, therefore, twice tied the "true" world record (9.93 s) for his 1987 World Championship performance, and again at the 1988 Zürich meet where he defeated Johnson. However, those times were never ratified as records.[46] From January 1, 1990, Lewis was the world record holder in the 100 m.[47] The record did not last long, as fellow American and University of Houston teammate Leroy Burrell ran 9.90 s on June 14, 1991 to break Lewis's mark. Lewis also lost his ranking as number one sprinter in 1989 and 1990 though still remaining undefeated in the long jump.
[edit] The 1991 World Championships: Lewis’ greatest performances
Tokyo was the venue for the 1991 World Championships. In the 100 m final, Lewis faced the two men who ranked number one in the world the past two years: Burrell and Jamaican Raymond Stewart.[8] In what would be the deepest 100 metres race ever to that time, with six men finishing in under ten seconds, Lewis not only defeated his opponents, he reclaimed the world record with a clocking of 9.86 s.[48] Though previously a world-record holder in this event, this was the first time he had crossed the line with “WR” beside his name on the giant television screens, and the first time he could savour his achievement at the moment it occurred. He could be seen with tears in his eyes afterwards. "The best race of my life," Lewis said. "The best technique, the fastest. And I did it at thirty."[49]. Lewis's world record would stand for nearly three years.[46] Lewis additionally anchored the 4 x100 m relay team to another world record, 37.50 s, the third time that year he had anchored a 4 x 100 m squad to a world record.
[edit] Long Jump showdown versus Powell
The 1991 World Championships are perhaps best remembered for the long jump final, considered by some to have been one of greatest competitions ever in any sport.[50][51]
Lewis was up against his main rival of the last few years, Mike Powell, the silver medalist in the event from the 1988 Olympics and the top-ranked long jumper of 1990. Lewis had at that point not lost a long jump competition in a decade, winning 65 consecutive meets. Powell had been unable to defeat Lewis, despite sometimes putting in jumps near world-record territory, only to see them ruled fouls.[52] Or, as with other competitors such as Larry Myricks, putting in leaps which Lewis himself had only rarely surpassed, only to see Lewis surpass them on his next or final attempt.[53][54] Lewis's first jump was 8.68 m (28 feet, 5 ¾ inches), a World Championship record, and a mark bested by only three others beside Lewis all-time. Powell, jumping first, had faltered in the first round, but jumped 8.54 m to claim second place in the second round. Myricks was also in the competition, but he didn’t challenge the leaders.
Lewis jumped 8.83 m (28-11½), a wind-aided leap, in the third round, a mark which would have won every long jump competition in history save two. Powell responded with a long foul, estimated to be around 8.80 m. Lewis's next jump made history: The first leap ever beyond Bob Beamon's record. The wind gauge indicated that it was a wind-aided jump, so it could not be considered a record, but it would still count in the competition. 8.91 m (29-2¾) was the greatest leap ever under any condition. Now, only a world record could defeat Lewis.
In the next round, Powell responded. His jump was measured as 8.95 m (29-4½); this time, his jump was not a foul, and with a wind gauge measurement of 0.3 m/s, well within the legal allowable for a record. Powell had not only jumped 4 cm further than Lewis, he had eclipsed the 23-year-old mark set by Bob Beamon and done so at low altitude.
Lewis still had two jumps left, though he was now no longer chasing Beamon, but Powell. He leaped 8.87 m (29-1¼), which was a new personal best under legal wind conditions, then a final jump of 8.84 m (29-0). He thus lost his first long jump competition in a decade.[55] Powell's 8.95 m and Lewis's final two jumps still stand as of August 2009 as the top three low altitude jumps ever. The furthest anyone has jumped since under legal conditions is 8.74 m.[56]
Lewis’ reaction to what was one of the greatest competitions ever in the sport[51] was to offer only grudging acknowledgment of the achievement of Powell. "He just did it," Lewis said of Powell's winning jump. "It was that close, and it was the best of his life, and he may never do it again."[57] Powell did jump as far or farther on two subsequent occasions, though both were wind-aided jumps at altitude: 8.99 m in 1992 and 8.95 m in 1994.[1] Lewis's best subsequent results were two wind-aided leaps at 8.72 m, and a 8.68 m under legal conditions while in the qualifying rounds at the Barcelona Olympics. [2]
In reference to his efforts at the 1991 World Championships, Lewis said, “This has been the greatest meet that I’ve ever had.”[58] Track and Field News was prepared to go even further than that, suggesting that after these Championships, “It had become hard to argue that he is not the greatest athlete ever to set foot on track or field.”[58]
Lewis credits his outstanding 1991 results in part to the vegan diet he adopted in 1990.[59]
Lewis's 1991 outstanding results earned him the ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year, an award he shared with gymnastics star Kim Zmeskal.
[edit] The 1992 Olympics and 1993 World Championships
After the heights reached in 1991, Lewis started to lose his dominance in both the sprints and the long jump. Though he anchored a world record 1:19.11 in the rarely run 4 x 200 m relay with the Santa Monica Track Club early in 1992,[60] he failed to qualify for the Olympic team in the 100 m or 200 m. In the latter race, he finished fourth at the Olympic trials behind rising star Michael Johnson who set a personal best of 19.79 s. It was the first time the two had ever met on the track.[61] Lewis did, however, qualify for the long jump, finishing second behind Powell, and was eligible for the 4 x 100 m relay team.
At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Lewis jumped 8.67 m in the first round of the long jump, beating Powell who did a final-round 8.64 m. In the 4 x 100 m relay, Lewis anchored another world record, in 37.40 s, a time which stood for 16 years. He covered the final leg in 8.85 seconds, the fastest officially recorded anchor leg ever until surpassed by Asafa Powell in 2007 with 8.84.[citation needed]
Lewis competed at the 4th World Championships in Stuttgart in 1993, but finished fourth in the 100 m,[62] and did not compete in the long jump. He did, however, earn his first World Championship medal in the 200 m, a bronze with his 19.99 s performance.[63] That medal would prove to be his final Olympic or World Championship medal in a running event. Injuries kept Lewis largely sidelined for next few years, then he made a comeback for the 1996 season.
[edit] The 1996 Olympics
Lewis qualified for American Olympic team for the fifth time in the long jump, the only time an American man has done so.[64] And though he finished eighth in the 100 m final at the Olympic Trials, because he was on the Olympic team he could be considered for the relay team. [ibid, p. 10] At the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, injuries to world-record holder Powell and the leading long-jumper in the world, Iván Pedroso, affected their performances. Lewis, on the other hand, was in good form. Though he did not match past performances, his third-round leap of 8.50 m won gold by 21 cm over second-place James Beckford of Jamaica.[65] He thus became one of only three Olympians to win the same individual event four times[66], joining Danish sailor Paul Bert Elvstrøm, and discus thrower Al Oerter of the United States. Additionally, Lewis’ ninth gold medal tied him for first on the list of Olympic gold medalists with Paavo Nurmi, Larissa Latynina and Mark Spitz (American swimmer Michael Phelps has since won more gold medals).[67]
Controversy struck when as Track and Field News put it, “Lewis’ pissy attitude in the whole relay hoo-hah a few days later served only to take the luster off his final gold.”[65]
After Lewis’ unexpected long jump gold, it was noted by observers that he could become the athlete with the most Olympic gold medals if he entered the 4 x 100 m relay team. Any member of the American Olympic men’s track team could be used, even if he never ran the event. Lewis said, “If they asked me, I’d run it in a second. But they haven’t asked me to run it.” He further suggested on Larry King Live that viewers phone the United States Olympic Committee to weigh in on the situation. Lewis had skipped the mandatory relay training camp and demanded to run the anchor leg, which added to the debate. The final decision was to not add Lewis to the team. Olympic team coach Erv Hunt said, “The basis of their [the relay team’s] opinion was ‘We want to run, we worked our butts off and we deserve to be here.’” [ibid, p. 31] The American relay team finished second to Canada, the first time an American 4 x 100 m men’s relay team was defeated in an Olympic final, if the 1960 Rome Olympics disqualification is not counted. Since the Canadian team was anchored by Donovan Bailey, who days earlier set a world record in the 100 m, and the Canadians ran the fastest time ever recorded in America, some observers felt the result would not have been any different with Lewis on the team.
Lewis retired from the sport in 1997.
In 1999, he was voted "Sportsman of the Century" by the International Olympic Committee,[68] elected "World Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations[69] and named "Olympian of the Century" by the American sports magazine Sports Illustrated.[16] In 2000 his alma mater University of Houston made Lewis a university namesake, as they named the Carl Lewis International Complex after him.
[edit] Stimulant use
In 2003, Dr. Wade Exum, the United States Olympic Committee's director of drug control administration from 1991 to 2000, gave copies of documents to Sports Illustrated which revealed that some 100 American athletes who failed drug tests and should have been prevented from competing in the Olympics were nevertheless cleared to compete. Among those athletes was Carl Lewis.[70]
It was revealed that Lewis tested positive three times before the 1988 Olympics for pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, banned stimulants and bronchiodilators also found in cold medication, and had been banned from the Seoul Olympics and from competition for six months. The USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use and overturned the decision. Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason.[71][72]
The positive results occurred at the Olympic Trials in July 1988 where athletes were required to declare on the drug-testing forms "over-the-counter medication, prescription drugs and any other substances you have taken by mouth, injection or by suppository."
"Carl did nothing wrong. There was never intent. He was never told, you violated the rules," said Martin D. Singer, Lewis's lawyer, who also said that Lewis had inadvertently taken the banned stimulants in an over-the-counter herbal remedy.[73] "The only thing I can say is I think it's unfortunate what Wade Exum is trying to do," said Lewis. "I don't know what people are trying to make out of nothing because everyone was treated the same, so what are we talking about? I don't get it."[74]
[edit] Personal best marks
* 100 m: 9.86 s (1991)
* 200 m: 19.75 s (1983)
* Long jump: 8.87 m (29 ft 1¼ in) 1991, w 8.91 m (29 ft 2¾ in) 1991
* 4x100 m relay: 37.40 s (United States - Marsh; Burrell; Mitchell; Lewis - 1992)
* 4x200 m relay: 1:18.68 min (Santa Monica Track Club - Marsh; Burrell; Heard; Lewis - 1994; current world record)
[edit] Hollywood career
Lewis has appeared in numerous films and television productions. Among them, he played himself in cameos in Perfect Strangers and Speed Zone!, and was also seen in Material Girls.
[edit] Miscellany
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (October 2008)
* Carl Lewis is the only man to defend a 100 meter Olympic title successfully. Archie Hahn, 1904 Olympic champion, also won the 1906 Olympic 100 m title, but the Intercalated Games are not recognized by the IOC as being official.
* He is also the only man to defend a long jump Olympic title successfully, winning four times overall. No other long jumper has ever won twice at the Olympic games.
* Lewis’ mother, the former Evelyn Lawler, was an Olympian who competed at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki in the 80 m hurdles.[5]
* Carl's sister Carol Lewis was also an Olympian, finishing 9th in the long jump at the 1984 Olympics, and earning a bronze medal in the same event at the 1983 World Championships. She additionally set two American records in the long jump in 1985. She has been a television broadcast announcer for a number of years.
* Lewis is vegan. He reached the top of his career aged thirty on a vegan diet which he has claimed is better suited to him because he can eat a larger quantity without affecting his athleticism [75] and he believes that switching to a vegan diet can lead to improved athletic performance [3].
* The Chicago Bulls drafted Carl Lewis in the 1984 NBA Draft as the 208th overall pick, even though he hadn't played high school or college basketball. Lewis never played in the NBA. On the NBA's website he's included in a section named "draft oddities"[76] explaining this was an honorary draft capitalizing on his popularity after the Los Angeles Olympics. There's a poll[77] on the same page where Lewis is second to Lusia Harris, the only woman to be drafted by the NBA, as the most unusual pick in the history of the NBA Draft.
* Though he did not play football in college, Carl Lewis was drafted as a wide receiver in the 12th round of the 1984 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys but he did not play.[78]
* In the N.W.A. song "100 Miles and Runnin'", rapper Eazy-E mentions Carl Lewis.
* Carl Lewis is mentioned in the rap song "Nobody Beats the Biz" by the rap artist Biz Markie.
* Lewis also made an appearance on "The Weakest Link."
* Lewis is a crystal collector.[79]
* In 2007, Carl became an official supporter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and is a member of their celebrity board, called the Friends of RMHC.[80]
* The Formula One 2008 champion driver Lewis Carl Hamilton, born a few months after Carl Lewis's success in 1984 Olympics, was named after the athlete.[81]
* Carl Lewis is referred to in "The Office" (USA) in the episode, "The Duel" (January 2009)
* On April 5, 2009, Carl Lewis presented awards to the winners (Jossi Fritz-Mauer and Sara McNally) of the Kevin Cain Make My Day 5K in Havertown, PA. The race raised funds for the Kevin Cain Foundation's efforts to help families impacted by cancer.
* On October 16, 2009, Carl Lewis was nominated a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.[82]
* Chris Tucker's character Detective James Carter says that he is "not Carl Lewis" in Rush Hour when FBI agents press him about failing to keep an eye on Detective Lee, Jackie Chan's character.
[edit] See also
* List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
* Carl Lewis International Complex
[edit] References
1. ^ Dillion, Nancy (August 10, 2008). "After the Gold, Their Lives Still Glitter. Champs show you CAN take it with you.". Daily News (New York: Daily News, L.P.): p. 26. ""Carl Lewis won nine golds in sprinting and the long jump, including four at 1984's Los Angeles Games, two at the 1988 Seoul competition, two at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and one in Atlanta in 1996. Lewis, 48, is now an actor and has a role in the upcoming jewel heist movie "62 Pickup" starring comedian Eddie Griffin. His Carl Lewis Foundation helps youth and families get and stay fit.""
2. ^ William Lewis, Track Coach and Father of Olympic Star. The New York Times (1987-05-07). Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
3. ^ Strauss, robert. "WORTH NOTING; Carl Lewis Takes Honors, But Not at His Home Track", The New York Times, December 2, 2001. Accessed March 31, 2008. "Mr. Lewis, who graduated from Willingboro High School in 1979, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in Mobile, Ala., along with three fellow Olympians from the 1984 Games -- the marathoner Alberto Salazar, the steeplechase runner Henry Marsh and Larry Myricks, a long jumper."
4. ^ Track and Field News, Jan. 1981, vol. 33 #12, p.13
5. ^ a b CarlLewis.com
6. ^ Track & Field News: The Bible Of The Sport Since 1948
7. ^ a b c d http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/rankings/men/ljworldranking.pdf
8. ^ a b c d http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/rankings/men/100worldranking.pdf
9. ^ Track and Field News, January 1982; vol. 34, #12, p. 46
10. ^ Olympic world records may be wrong
11. ^ Track and Field News, July 1982, vol. 35 #6, p. 61
12. ^ Track and Field News, July 1981, vol. 34 #6, p. 12
13. ^ The Sullivan Award Winner
14. ^ Track and Field News, January 1982; vol. 34, #12, p. 74
15. ^ ESPN.com: Beamon made sport's greatest leap
16. ^ a b CNN/SI - SI Online - This Week's Issue of Sports Illustrated - Ali named SI's Sportsman of the Century - Friday December 03, 1999 12:00 AM
17. ^ Track and Field News, January 1983, vol. 35 #12, p. 45
18. ^ Track and Field News, August 1982, vol. 35, #6, p.28–29
19. ^ Past Results
20. ^ Past Results
21. ^ Past Results
22. ^ a b Track and Field News August 1983, vol. 36, #7, p.4, 9
23. ^ Past Results
24. ^ Track and Field News, June 1983, vol. 36 #5, p. 6,7
25. ^ Track and Field News, January 1984, vol. 36 #12, p. 22
26. ^ Track and Field News, January 1984, vol. 36 #12, p. 48
27. ^ Track and Field News, Sept. 1984, vol. 37 # 8, p. 47
28. ^ "TV Review; ABC'S Coverage of the Olympics" by John Corry, The New York Times, August 9, 1984
29. ^ Carl Lewis
30. ^ ESPN Classic - King Carl had long, golden reign
31. ^ a b The Runner Stumbles p2, The New York Times, July 19, 1992. Accessed February 20, 2008.
32. ^ APSE | Associated Press Sports Editors
33. ^ The Runner Stumbles p3, The New York Times, July 19, 1992. Accessed February 20, 2008.
34. ^ Track and Field News, January/February 1986, vol. 39 #1–2, p. 14
35. ^ Track and Field News, July 1987, vol. 40 #7, p. 34
36. ^ Past Results
37. ^ Past Results
38. ^ Track and Field News, January 1988, vol. 41, #1, p. 20
39. ^ Track and Field News, November 1987, vol. 40 #11, p. 9
40. ^ a b Track and Field News, December 1987, vol. 40, #12, p. 28
41. ^ Ambition, naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world - Times Online
42. ^ ESPN Classic - More Info on Carl Lewis
43. ^ Track and Field News, October 1988, vol. 41, #10, p. 25
44. ^ St. Petersburg Times: Top 100 sports stories
45. ^ Track and Field News, November 1988, vol. 41 #11, p. 10–11
46. ^ a b "12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009." (pdf). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2009. pp. Pages 546, 547. http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
47. ^ Track and Field News, November 1989, vol. 42, #11, p. 37
48. ^ Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. 44, #11, p. 9
49. ^ ESPN.com: King Carl had long, golden reign
50. ^ BBC SPORT | WORLD ATHLETICS | 2001 has a lot to live up to
51. ^ a b "Powell breaking long jump world record named 5th Greatest Moment", USA Track & Field, November 19, 2004
52. ^ Mike Powell
53. ^ Track and Field News, September 1988, vol. 41 #9, p. 18–19
54. ^ Track and Field News, August 1991, vol. 44 #8, p. 14–15
55. ^ Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. 44, #11, p. 30–31
56. ^ Long Jump All Time List (accessed August 7, 2009)
57. ^ "29-4 1/2! Soaring Powell Conquers Beamon's Record," The New York Times, August 31, 1991
58. ^ a b Track and Field News, November 1991, vol. .44, #11, p. 8
59. ^ EarthSave International
60. ^ Track and Field News, June 1992, vol. 45, #6, p.4–5
61. ^ Track and Field News, August 1992, vol. 45, #6, p. 8
62. ^ Past Results
63. ^ Past Results
64. ^ Track and Field News, September 1996, vol. 49, #9, p. 18
65. ^ a b Track and Field News October 1996, vol. 49, #10, p. 36
66. ^ International Olympic Committee - Athletes
67. ^ Wallechinsky, David; Jaime Loucky (2008). The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2008 Edition. Aurum Press. pp. 702. ISBN 978-1-84513-330-6.
68. ^ Lewis, Carl - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Lewis, Carl
69. ^ http://www.iaaf.org/AFABW/news/Kind=2/newsId=33173.html
70. ^ "Lewis: 'Who cares I failed drug test?'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2003/apr/24/athletics.duncanmackay. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
71. ^ SI.com - Sports Illustrated - The Magazine - Scorecard - Scorecard: Playing Favorites? - Tuesday April 15, 2003 07:09 PM
72. ^ Carl Lewis's positive test covered up - smh.com.au
73. ^ This idol has feet of clay, after all
74. ^ BBC SPORT | Athletics | Lewis dismisses drugs claims
75. ^ Tofu 1.2.3 Marybeth Abrams with Carl Lewis
76. ^ NBA.com: Draft Oddities
77. ^ NBA.com Poll Result Display
78. ^ NFL Draft History: Full Draft
79. ^ "SPORTS PEOPLE; Lewis Going Abroad". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906EFDF1238F934A2575BC0A962948260&sec=&spon=.
80. ^ "Celebrity Friends of RMHC". McDonald's Corporation. http://www.rmhc.com/celebrity-friends/.
81. ^ "Lewis Hamilton: from Grenada to GP glory". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1554862/Lewis-Hamilton-from-Grenada-to-GP-glory.html.
82. ^ "Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors". http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-carllewis/en/.
[edit] External links
Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carl Lewis
* Official website
* IAAF profile for Carl Lewis
* Olympiad Results for Carl Lewis
* Carl Lewis at the Internet Movie Database
* Music video for 'Break It Up'
* Guardian story about Lewis and alleged USOC doping cover-up
* Carl Lewis on Being Vegan
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
United Kingdom Sebastian Coe Men's Track & Field Athlete of the Year
1982 – 1984 Succeeded by
Morocco Saïd Aouita
Preceded by
Daley Thompson United Press International
Athlete of the Year
1983, 1984 Succeeded by
Steve Cram
Preceded by
Wayne Gretzky Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
1983, 1984 Succeeded by
Dwight Gooden
Sporting positions
Preceded by
East Germany Lutz Dombrowski Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance
1981 — 1985 Succeeded by
Soviet Union Robert Emmiyan
Preceded by
United States Mike Miller Men's 200 m Best Year Performance
1983 – 1984 Succeeded by
United States Lorenzo Daniel
Preceded by
United States Floyd Heard Men's 200 m Best Year Performance
1987 Succeeded by
United States Joe DeLoach
Preceded by
Soviet Union Robert Emmiyan Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance
1988 Succeeded by
United States Larry Myricks
Preceded by
United States Mike Powell Men's Long Jump Best Year Performance
1992 Succeeded by
United States Mike Powell
[show]
v • d • e
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
1934: Pepper Martin · 1935: Gene Sarazen · 1936: Carl Hubbell · 1937: Dizzy Dean · 1938: Joe Louis · 1939: Jesse Owens · 1940: Don Budge · 1942: Don Budge · 1943: Gunder Hägg · 1944: Byron Nelson · 1945: Byron Nelson · 1946: Glenn Davis · 1947: Johnny Lujack · 1948: Lou Boudreau · 1949: Leon Hart · 1950: Jim Konstanty · 1951: Dick Kazmaier · 1952: Bob Mathias · 1953: Ben Hogan · 1954: Willie Mays · 1955: Howard Cassady · 1956: Mickey Mantle · 1957: Ted Williams · 1958: Herb Elliot · 1959: Ingemar Johansson · 1960: Rafer Johnson · 1961: Roger Maris · 1962: Maury Wills · 1963: Sandy Koufax · 1964: Don Schollander · 1965: Sandy Koufax · 1966: Frank Robinson · 1967: Carl Yastrzemski · 1968: Denny McLain · 1969: Tom Seaver · 1970: George Blanda · 1971: Lee Trevino · 1972: Mark Spitz · 1973: O.J. Simpson · 1974: Muhammad Ali · 1975: Fred Lynn · 1976: Bruce Jenner · 1977: Steve Cauthen · 1978: Ron Guidry · 1979: Willie Stargell · 1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team · 1981: John McEnroe · 1982: Wayne Gretzky · 1983: Carl Lewis · 1984: Carl Lewis · 1985: Dwight Gooden · 1986: Larry Bird · 1987: Ben Johnson · 1988: Orel Hershiser · 1989: Joe Montana · 1990: Joe Montana · 1991: Michael Jordan · 1992: Michael Jordan · 1993: Michael Jordan · 1994: George Foreman · 1995: Cal Ripken, Jr. · 1996: Michael Johnson · 1997: Tiger Woods · 1998: Mark McGwire · 1999: Tiger Woods · 2000: Tiger Woods · 2001: Barry Bonds · 2002: Lance Armstrong · 2003: Lance Armstrong · 2004: Lance Armstrong · 2005: Lance Armstrong · 2006: Tiger Woods · 2007: Tom Brady · 2008: Michael Phelps · 2009: Jimmie Johnson
[show]
v • d • e
Dallas Cowboys 1984 NFL Draft selections
Billy Cannon, Jr. • Victor Scott • Fred Cornwell • Steve DeOssie • Steve Pelluer • Norm Granger • Eugene Lockhart • Joe Levelis • Ed Martin • Mike Revell • John Hunt • Neil Maune • Brian Salonen • Dowe Aughtman • Carl Lewis
Draft Years: 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 • 1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009
[show]
v • d • e
Olympic Champions in Men's 100 m
1896: Tom Burke • 1900: Frank Jarvis • 1904: Archie Hahn • 1908: Reggie Walker • 1912: Ralph Craig • 1920: Charlie Paddock • 1924: Harold Abrahams • 1928: Percy Williams • 1932: Eddie Tolan • 1936: Jesse Owens • 1948: Harrison Dillard • 1952: Lindy Remigino • 1956: Bobby Joe Morrow • 1960: Armin Hary • 1964: Bob Hayes • 1968: Jim Hines • 1972: Valeri Borzov • 1976: Hasely Crawford • 1980: Allan Wells • 1984: Carl Lewis • 1988: Carl Lewis • 1992: Linford Christie • 1996: Donovan Bailey • 2000: Maurice Greene • 2004: Justin Gatlin • 2008: Usain Bolt
[show]
v • d • e
Olympic Champions in Men's 200 m
1900: Walter Tewksbury · 1904: Archie Hahn · 1908: Bobby Kerr · 1912: Ralph Craig · 1920: Allen Woodring · 1924: Jackson Scholz · 1928: Percy Williams · 1932: Eddie Tolan · 1936: Jesse Owens · 1948: Mel Patton · 1952: Andy Stanfield · 1956: Bobby Joe Morrow · 1960: Livio Berruti · 1964: Henry Carr · 1968: Tommie Smith · 1972: Valeri Borzov · 1976: Don Quarrie · 1980: Pietro Mennea · 1984: Carl Lewis · 1988: Joe DeLoach · 1992: Michael Marsh · 1996: Michael Johnson · 2000: Konstantinos Kenteris · 2004: Shawn Crawford · 2008: Usain Bolt
[show]
v • d • e
Olympic Champions in Men's Long Jump
1896: Ellery Clark · 1900: Alvin Kraenzlein · 1904: Myer Prinstein · 1906: Myer Prinstein · 1908: Frank Irons · 1912: Albert Gutterson · 1920: William Petersson · 1924: William DeHart Hubbard · 1928: Ed Hamm · 1932: Ed Gordon · 1936: Jesse Owens · 1948: Willie Steele · 1952: Jerome Biffle · 1956: Greg Bell · 1960: Ralph Boston · 1964: Lynn Davies · 1968: Bob Beamon · 1972: Randy Williams · 1976: Arnie Robinson · 1980: Lutz Dombrowski · 1984: Carl Lewis · 1988: Carl Lewis · 1992: Carl Lewis · 1996: Carl Lewis · 2000: Iván Pedroso · 2004: Dwight Phillips · 2008: Irving Saladino
[show]
v • d • e
Olympic Champions in Men's 4×100 m Relay
1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
1984 United States Sam Graddy, Ron Brown, Calvin Smith & Carl Lewis
1992 United States Mike Marsh, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell & Carl Lewis
[show]
v • d • e
World Champions in Men's 100 m
1983 Carl Lewis · 1987 Carl Lewis · 1991 Carl Lewis · 1993 Linford Christie · 1995 Donovan Bailey · 1997 Maurice Greene · 1999 Maurice Greene · 2001 Maurice Greene · 2003 Kim Collins · 2005 Justin Gatlin · 2007 Tyson Gay · 2009 Usain Bolt
[show]
v • d • e
World Champions in Men's 4×100 m Relay
1983 United States · 1987 United States · 1991 United States · 1993 United States · 1995 Canada · 1997 Canada · 1999 United States · 2001 South Africa · 2003 United States · 2005 France · 2007 United States · 2009 Jamaica
1983 United States (Emmit King, Willie Gault, Calvin Smith & Carl Lewis)
1987 United States (Lee McRae, Lee McNeill, Harvey Glance & Carl Lewis)
1991 United States (Andre Cason, Leroy Burrell, Dennis Mitchell & Carl Lewis)
[show]
v • d • e
World Champions in Men's Long Jump
1983 Carl Lewis | 1987 Carl Lewis | 1991 Mike Powell | 1993 Mike Powell | 1995 Iván Pedroso | 1997 Iván Pedroso | 1999 Iván Pedroso | 2001 Iván Pedroso | 2003 Dwight Phillips | 2005 Dwight Phillips | 2007 Irving Saladino | 2009 Dwight Phillips
[show]
v • d • e
Pan American Champions in Men's Long Jump
1951: Gay Bryan (USA) • 1955: Rosslyn Range (USA) • 1959: Irvin Roberson (USA) • 1963 – 1967: Ralph Boston (USA) • 1971: Arnie Robinson (USA) • 1975 – 1979: João Carlos de Oliveira (BRA) • 1983: Jaime Jefferson (CUB) • 1987: Carl Lewis (USA) • 1991: Jaime Jefferson (CUB) • 1995 – 2003: Iván Pedroso (CUB) • 2007: Irving Saladino (PAN)
[show]
v • d • e
Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2005
1954 LaSalle University Mens Basketball • Grover Cleveland Alexander • Charles Barkley • Bill Campbell • John Chaney • Jumbo Elliott • Eddie Gottlieb • Lefty Grove • Carl Lewis • Bob Levy • Tommy McDonald • Pete Pihos • Harvey Pollack • Guy Rodgers • Cathy Rush • Vic Seixas • Jay Sigel • Ed Snider • Joe Verdeur
Persondata
NAME Lewis, Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lewis, Frederick Carlton
SHORT DESCRIPTION track & field athlete
DATE OF BIRTH July 1, 1961
PLACE OF BIRTH Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lewis"
Categories: American sprinters | American long jumpers | American vegetarians | Olympic gold medalists for the United States | Olympic silver medalists for the United States | Athletes at the 1984 Summer Olympics | Athletes at the 1988 Summer Olympics | Athletes at the 1992 Summer Olympics | Athletes at the 1996 Summer Olympics | Athletes at the 1979 Pan American Games | Olympic track and field athletes of the United States | James E. Sullivan Award recipients | Sports Hall of Fame of New Jersey | American track and field athletes | African American track and field athletes | American Christians | Baptists from the United States | People from Birmingham, Alabama | Sportspeople from Alabama | 1961 births | Living people | American vegans | American sportspeople in doping cases | Doping cases in athletics | Chicago Bulls draft picks | University of Houston alumni | People from New Jersey
Hidden categories: Disputed biographies of living persons | Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest | All pages needing factual verification | Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 | Articles with trivia sections from October 2008 | All articles with trivia sections
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